Keeb kwm ntawm Refractory Raw Materials

Txij li thaum lub hnub nyoog Bronze, tib neeg tau siv cov av nplaum los tsim cov tooj liab smelting rauv. Hauv qee qhov chaw, cov pob zeb refractory hauv zos tau siv los tsim cov cua sov. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob hauv ob sab phlu nrog av nplaum, silica xuab zeb, nplej husk lossis tawg charcoal tau pom nyob rau ntawm East Han ironmaking site nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Zhengzhou, Suav teb. Xyoo 1615, Tebchaws Aas Kiv tau ua ib lub crucible rau melting iav los ntawm Stubborog av nplaum, thiab sai sai ua ib tug refractory cib thiab sim nws ntse nyob rau hauv ib tug tooj liab smelting rauv. Vim qhov nthuav dav ntawm qhov cub ntim, cov cib puas sai heev. Nws muaj kev vam meej los siv silica xuab zeb thiab khi txiv qaub hloov. Xyoo 1822, WW Young tau ua silica cib los ntawm kev ntxiv cov txiv qaub rau silica xuab zeb, thiab tom qab ntawd ua silica cib los ntawm silica pob zeb. Xyoo 1838, JL Norton, ib tug neeg Amelikas, siv kaolin ua raw khoom thiab calcined rau hauv clinker los ua av nplaum cib. Bessemer tau tsim lub converter steelmaking txoj kev nyob rau hauv 1855, thiab Siemens tau tsim lub reverberatory rauv nrog refractory bricks thiab ib tug regenerator (tam sim no lub qhib hearth rauv) nyob rau hauv 1856, thiab cov npua hlau-ore steelmaking txoj kev tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, txwv los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm refractory cib nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas yog qis phosphorus npua hlau tuaj yeem siv rau steelmaking, uas yog, acid steelmaking txoj kev. Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1879 uas cov neeg Askiv tau ua tiav hauv kev khi hauv qab ntawm lub qhov cub nrog calcined dolomite thiab tar uas cov txheej txheem alkaline steelmaking tau siv.
Xyoo 1868, Caran tau hais tias magnesite yog cov khoom siv raw khoom, thiab qhia txog txoj kev ua cib los ntawm magnesite. Kal Spatlon, Austria, nrhiav tau ib qho loj deposit ntawm magnesite hauv Styria. Hom ore no yog sib xyaw ntawm magnesite thiab siderite. Vim nws cov ntsiab lus hlau siab, nws yooj yim rau sinter. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, hom sintered magnesite sib xyaw nrog tar tau siv tau zoo los khi hauv qab ntawm lub cub tawg thiab tau nce sai.
Hauv qab ntawm lub cub tawg yog ua los ntawm alkaline refractory, thiab sab sauv ntawm lub cub tawg yog ua los ntawm acid refractory. Kev xeb yog qhov hnyav nyob rau hauv thaj chaw sib cuag ntawm ob, thiab tom qab ntawd cov chrome ore xuab zeb yog siv los cais ob txoj kev ua tiav. Xyoo 1886, Tebchaws Askiv tau ua tiav cov cib los ntawm chromite. Xyoo 1915, patent ntawm Werham, England, tau qhia tias magnesia-chrome thiab chromium-magnesia bricks tau tsim los ntawm kev siv 20 feem pua ​​~ 80 feem pua ​​chromite thiab sintered magnesia. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog txog thaum xyoo 1930 uas magnesia-chrome lossis chromium-magnesia bricks tau muag raws li cov khoom lag luam hauv tebchaws Askiv, Tebchaws Meskas, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab lwm lub tebchaws.
Ua ntej thiab tom qab xyoo 1915, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm magnesia cib ntawm A. Radex hom ua hauv Austria tau txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv me me ntawm Al2O3. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau pom tias magnesia-alumina spinel (MgO · Al2O3) cov minerals tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm tua ntawm lub cib. Vim tias qhov qis linear expansion coefficient thiab siab structural zog ntawm magnesia-alumina spinel minerals, lub tev kuj ntawm cib tau txhim kho.
Xyoo 1821, bauxite, lossis bauxite, tau pom hauv Lebox, Fabkis. Nws yog tsim los ntawm bauxite, gibbsite thiab lwm yam minerals.
Corundum yog cov ntxhia hauv ntuj, nws hardness yog thib ob rau pob zeb diamond, thiab nws cov xim yog ci. Nws tau raug hu ua lub pov haum los ntawm tib neeg thaum ntxov, tab sis nws tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej. Xyoo 1896, German Mokat tau tsim txoj kev tsim khoom corundum.
Xyoo 1924, tus txiv neej Askiv Askiv Bowen thiab lwm tus tau pom cov ntxhia tshiab 3Al2O3 · 2SiO2 hauv cov khoom siv av nplaum raug rho tawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab tsis ntev tau luam tawm cov duab sib npaug ntawm lub xeev Al2O3-SiO2 system. Tom qab ntawd, cov pob zeb no tau pom ntawm Island of Moore hauv tebchaws Askiv. Bowen hu ua 3Al2O3-2SiO2 ntxhia mullite. Synthetic mullite yog tsim los ntawm electrofusion hauv 1926 thiab sintered mullite hauv 1928.
Txawm hais tias cov neeg German tau rho tawm magnesium hydroxide los ntawm dej hiav txwv thaum ntxov li xyoo 1881, kev tsim cov tshuaj nplaum magnesia los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv raws li cov khoom siv raw ntawm cov khoom lag luam tau pib xyoo 1938 los ntawm British Stetley Company.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, silica tau fused rau hauv quartz iav (piv txwv li fused quartz), uas tau siv tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub submerged nozzle ntawm nruam casting nyob rau hauv 1960s.